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Making complex tools feel simple to use
Helping users understand what AI can (and can’t) do
Fixing broken expectations before they cause confusion
How do you teach people to use something that goes through step-change improvements every 6 months?
Put it like this; there's a clue that ChatGPT isn't as intuitive as a traditional search engine.
It's that companies are hiring for a skill known as "prompt engineering".
In short: the change in complexity of AI is outpacing behavioural evolution—by a lot.
It's harder to build predictable and transparent experiences when even literal computer scientists can't predict the outcome of a prompt, or explain it to someone on the train.
This is a case study about ChatGPT.
But more so, it's about core principles of design that are being stretched and tested by AI.
And I think it explains the strategy for Apple Intelligence.

A behind the scenes look at how I redesigned the Built for Mars sign-up flow, and iterated from early feedback.
The two "obvious" fixes that did nothing
Why you shouldn't always force an input
Why limiting the user's choices can be beneficial
Hinge built its reputation on a single promise: it's the dating app that wants you to leave. This is a breakdown of how the interface is actually engineered to make sure you don't.
How dating apps keep you engaged (not romantically)
The design equivalent of clickbait headlines
How Hinge leverages social scarcity
The challenge for a navigation app isn't to efficiently show you the best route, it's to make you believe that you've found the best route.
How strategy influences design
Waze is cornered, and slowly shrinking
What Apple's strategy appears to be

From rat mazes to coffee apps: why the motivation to reach a reward increases the closer your users get to their goal.
How to use the Goal Gradient Effect
Spinning the flywheel of purchases
Why your rules need to be clear
Sometimes, the best onboarding is no onboarding, and simple products get bogged down with unnecessary explanations. This case study on Waitrose, Sainsbury's and Asda demonstrates when to just let the user try it for themselves.
Sometimes the best onboarding, is no onboarding
“Show, don’t tell” often beats education
Data can’t always tell you when onboarding is wrong

An analysis of Monzo’s 1p challenge, focusing on the middle slump, where progress slows and motivation quietly fades.
Delight can replace progress, but only temporarily
"The middle" is the real retention problem
Motivation needs contextualised reference points